Are You Going To College? Read On!

Are You Going To College? Read On! So, you have made the decision that now is the time to start college. You probably have many questions running through your mind right now, which is totally normal. The following article is going to give you advice to help ease the confusion you may feel about your upcoming college life. When you enter your room on the first day of college, the best thing that you can do is to fraternize with your roommates. These are going to be the people that you spend the rest of the year with so it is very smart to make friends with them immediately. If you already know that college requires a lot of money that you don't have, get a loan. School may seem expensive up front, but will pay off many times over after you have graduated. When you are choosing a major, do not simply think about money. You do not want a career in something that you find boring or uninteresting. A good choice is a major that will keep you interested fifty or more hours a week for the rest of your life. Explore your interests. Find a place to study that is conducive to your style of studying. If you can study while blocking out noise then your dorm room may be fine. But if you need privacy and quiet then find a quiet corner in one of the less popular areas of the library or a perhaps a peaceful and relaxing space outdoors. Find a bank that offers free savings and checking accounts. Look around and go with an establishment that works often with students and doesn't charge you extra for a bunch of little things. Ask questions and find out if you can bank online so that you can manage your money when it is convenient for you. In conclusion, once you have decided to attend college, you may feel confused about what to expect now. But, now that you have read the above article, some of that confusion should be lifted off your shoulders. Use these tips to let college be the best period of your life.

Agents in Tourism Industry Research Paper

Agents in Tourism Industry Research Paper Research Paper on Agents in Tourism Industry: Tourism presents one of the fastest growing industries in the world because information and communication technology has enabled people to identify tourism destinations worthy a visit. Although the trend appears similar to both developing and developed nations, the former have witnessed unprecedented rise in the number of tourists from around the world coming to enjoy scenic land features and ecosystems. In effect, governments have responded correspondingly by enhancing the role they play in tourism development. In emerging nations (such as Thailand and South Africa) and developing countries (such as Kenya), tourism contributes a significant part to the national economies. Common in other countries, governments have begun to play the role of planners, managers, facilitators, stimulators, and regulators of tourism activities in an effort to promote development in their tourism sectors (Sharpley Telfer 2002). In addition, some players have come up to complement the efforts of the gove rnments and others, to protect the environment and local communities against the capitalist desires of the government. Private enterprises provide support in form of investment and advice to state institutions involved in tourism. Local communities identify and report to government about potential tourist sites and regions as well as protecting the natural and cultural resources against destruction. Other major agents in tourism industry in the countries include multinational agencies, non-governmental organizations, and media, among others. The governments have formed various partnerships with the other agents from the private sector to work cooperatively in promoting sustainable growth of respective tourism sectors (Huybers 2007). Although the partnerships have worked well in some cases, they have encountered various hurdles in other cases that have limited their success. The current research explores the various agents involved in tourism industry in developing and emerging nations. It examines the role of government institutions and roles of other players, including media, international organizations, local communities, and others. The research also explores the nature of partnership between private and public organizations in the countries. Government’ s Role The legislative, executive, and judiciary arms of government have great influence on tourism development in many countries, including both developed and developing countries. In third world countries, the level of influence depends on the perceived economic importance that tourism holds in the overall economy and the extent of the relationships between different government institutions as well as political, social, and cultural characteristics of the nations. Although government institutions vary from one country to another depending on the type of government (for example, democratic or communist), the major institutions that have significant influence on the tourism industry include central and local (or provincial) governments, law enforcement agencies, administrative units, courts, and other units of governance. According to Sharpley and Telfer (2002), the major roles played by governments of emerging and developing nations include planning, management, policymaking and regulation , investment, protection of interests of different stakeholders, social tourism, and promotion. Planning Government plans for all major development activities and operations in the tourism industry. Majority of tourist attractions include natural endowments, such as natural ecosystems, attractive natural sceneries, and other natural features in different countries (Huybers 2007). Since tourism value of such endowments form a significant part of national economies in developing countries, government has a major obligation to plan on how tourism operations and other related activities should be carried out to protect and preserve the endowments. The plans may involve a wide range of operations, including maps of land usage in areas neighboring the endowments, marketing plans, layouts of infrastructure (roads, accommodation facilities, and other support services), and plans of the recommended modes of transport in different tourist attraction sites. The planning may be short-term or long-term, demonstrating how government expects development of tourism sector to be in future. For instance, Thailand government has been involved in various planning activities owing to the significant role played by tourism in the national economy. In 2008, the government released a marketing plan explaining how it intends to promote the various tourist destinations in the country (Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) n.d.). In the same year, Kenyan government also released its tourism strategic plan for the period from 2008 to 2012, showing how the government expects to promote its tourist attractions, fund development of its tourism sector, and monitor tourist operations (Ministry of Tourism (MOT), Kenya n.d.). Management Tourism development involves collaborative efforts of many stakeholders, including government, international players, local societies, private sector groups, and many others. Thus, it is essential for the government to manage or coordinate these stakeholders in an effort to ensure smooth operations in the sector. Government manages the activities of the various stakeholders to minimize replication of efforts among themselves and to align their practices with the objectives and goals laid down in planning (Sharpley Telfer 2002). Without government coordination, it is not be possible for the various public institutions and other stakeholders to know areas conducive to tourism development, government plans in place to promote tourism development in various regions, and the efforts being made by other stakeholders in achieving development objectives. As a result, stakeholders would reproduce efforts of other players in the sector, a situation likely to lead to increased development acti vities in some areas of the sector at the expense of others. Therefore, government’s role as a manager of the tourism industry serves to harmonize the efforts of all players with objectives of tourism plans for even development in all tourism areas within the country. In many developing countries, governments establish specialized public institutions to coordinate activities of domestic and international tourism operators. For instance, Department of Tourism in Kenya is the government unit responsible for managing all activities related to tourism development in the country. In Thailand, TAT coordinates activities of domestic tourism agents and international partners to ensure balanced development in all sectors of the tourism industry according to government plans. The Department of Tourism, South Africa has a legal mandate to manage development activities at provincial, national, and international levels to ensure that they are in line with government goals regarding touris m industry in the country (Lubbe 2003). Regulation and Legislation Government develops and implements legislations intended to regulate development in the tourism industry. It formulates various legislations to control tourism operations in an effort to promote development in the sector, type and nature of stakeholders to participate in the industry, to establish and conserve natural endowments perceived as tourist attractions. In addition, it also implements laws to regulate contributions of other sectors of the economy to tourism. For instance, legislative efforts to regulate entry of foreigners into the country, taxes paid by citizens and foreigners, protection of the environment, and labor inevitably affect development activities in tourism industry. Tourism legislative framework in Kenya demonstrates the nature of the regulative role of government in the industry. The country has a comprehensive Wildlife Conservation and Management Act (WCMA) that controls tourist activities in specific sites (lakes, ocean, forests, and land features) as well a s other related ecological sources that influence survival of the tourist sites. It has also enacted other laws to control operations that support tourism, including the Hotels and Restaurants Act (HRA) and the Tourist Industry Licensing Act (TILA) (MOT, Kenya n.d.). Investment In any developing, emerging, or developed nation, government invests heavily in tourism industry to complement investment efforts by the private individuals and organizations. It not only invests in those areas perceived as capital-intensive projects, but also in regions considered unworthy for investment by private entrepreneurs. In many developing nations, governments have invested heavily in establishing museums, national parks, game reserves, beaches, roads, airports, airline, other transportation means, hospitals, and other tourism related infrastructure. They have also undertaken investment in other low-risk projects, such as accommodation and travel services. For instance, Thailand government has established more than 100 national parks, comprising of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that serve as tourist attractions (TAT n.d.). It has also build an effective road network, making the parks easily accessible to both domestic and international tourists. Facilitation Government role as a facilitator of tourism development has a great influence on growth of the tourism industry in emerging and developing nations. It facilitates development in a wide range of ways. Through law enforcement agencies, it ensures security and safety of tourists and tourism operators and their investments (Sharpley Telfer 2002). For instance, Kenyan government created a dedicated tourist police unit to ensure security and safety of tourist while visiting the various parks and attractions in the country. It can also stimulate development through provision of subsidies, grants, and tax breaks to encourage private individuals and firms to invest in the sector as well as to attract tourists. A good example is Thailand where it refunds value-added tax (VAT) tariffs to tourists when they purchase goods and other items at designed retail centers. Other Influences Government plays other roles, such as promotion of their countries as tourist destinations, development of social tourism, and safeguarding of interests of the public (Sharpley Telfer 2002). It establishes various products to market the various tourist attractions available in the nation in an effort to attract tourists and investors into the sector. In other countries, such as Kenya and Thailand, government promotes social tourism, encouraging tourists to visit the countries to witness and learn about various cultures espoused by different communities. Government also participates in tourism development by protecting the interests of the public against exploitation by private investors. It gives some part of revenues collected in tourist attractions back to the neighboring communities and requires private investors to establish corporate social responsibility programs to improve living standards of people living in regions adjacent to their facilities. Role of Others Agents Besides government, other parties in Third World countries play significant roles in tourism industry. Among others, they include local communities, private enterprises, media, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational agencies. Local Communities Like government, local communities have greatest influence on development of tourism industry. Environmental conservation remains the major role of local societies, as they coexist with various tourist attractions available in their country. They have a responsibility to coexist with biodiversity within ecosystems and report any environmental malpractice by some of their members, public officers, and private investors to the relevant authorities. In majority of developing countries, the communities have become essential components of cultural tourism. They form cultural groups to attract local and foreign tourists to come and see their cultural heritage as well as to entertain the tourists when they visit neighboring sites. For example, Kenya is well known internationally for its wide variety of cultural tourist activities organized by various local communities. Tourists to Masai Mara National Reserve have the opportunity to enjoy not only the vast diversity of animals, but also the cultural heritage (dances, houses, and dressing) of Masai community, one of few Kenyan communities that have preserved its culture amidst widespread influence of Western cultures on way of life of many Kenyans (MOT, Kenya n.d.). According to Lubbe (2003), local people may invest into the tourism industry as private investors or partner with government, NGOs, and international agencies to establish projects that foster tourism development. In various countries, communities have partnered with the government and NGOs to advocate for sustainable tourism development. They have championed for doing tourism operations and activities in a way that protects and conserves the environment, which influences greatly survival of the various ecosystems serving as tourist destinations. Moreover, the communities can also play a role of domestic tourists by visiting national parks, game reserves, and other attractions within their countries. Private Enterprises In developing or emerging nations, Sharpley and Telfer (2002) argue that private investors complement entrepreneurial role of government in the tourism sector. The major contributions of the private enterprises include investments in the travel and hotel and accommodation industries. In the travel industry, they establish travel agencies to offer various services to tourists. They serve as travel agents who approach potential tourists and organize all travel requirements, including visas for the tourists. They also organize means of transport for the tourists during visits to the various tourist destinations within their nations. In majority of developing countries, private investors remain the major travel agents of tourists. In hotel and accommodation industry, they invest heavily in hotels and restaurants in regions surrounding tourism sites. Through the investments, they offer employment opportunities to many local people, thereby improving living standards of local communities. In addition, they support government in development of infrastructure in regions where they operate. For instance, they build roads and invest in conservation projects in tourism sites where their facilities are located as a way to attract tourists to their businesses. Media Media’s role in the sector involves marketing and bringing awareness among all stakeholders about the tourism in emerging or Third World nations (Lubbe 2003). Domestic and international media run different programs intended to promote various tourism sites and adventures offered by such sites in a bid to encourage people to visit those sites. Emergence of internet and computer technology has provided a means to the government to promote tourist destinations to people around the world. In the case of Kenya, Thailand, and South Africa, every government has integrated information technology to support tourism promotional activities. Anybody in the world can access these websites to learn most the details about tourism in the nations, including various destinations, interactive maps showing how to get to the destinations, various attractive features to expect in the sites, nearby hotels, relevant travel agents, and rates of the services. Thus, potential tourists can choose on thei r own potential destinations to visit and plan effectively. As an education tool, it provides a platform through which different stakeholders can understand, learn, and enjoy opportunities offered by various regions within a country. It brings awareness among public about various tourist destinations within their country and importance of conserving the sites. It also makes private enterprises aware of opportunities and benefits in various regions in the nations, enabling them to invest in underdeveloped areas of tourism industry. NGOs NGOs play an essential complementary role of facilitating and advocating for sustainable and equitable tourism development in Third World and emerging nations. Like any other sector of economy, tourism requires some level of activism to compel governments and private enterprises to run their operations in ways that respect the rights of local communities and in a manner that conserves the environment. If left alone, private investors can collude with governments to exploit opportunities provided by the tourism industry to increase their profits at the expense of the environment and local people. As a result, NGOs intervene in developing countries to champion for the rights of the poor and natural ecosystems. They include non-profit, voluntary organizations, bringing together individuals at local, national, and international levels to fight for environmental justice (Sharpley Telfer 2002). Among others, some examples include Oxfam Community Aid Abroad (OCAA), EcoVitality, Internation al Ecotourism Society and Conservation International, and African Propoor Tourism Development Centre (APTDC). These organizations play different roles to realize their objectives in developing countries. Some play advocacy role of compelling governments and private investors to engage in sustainable tourism development while improving the lives of the poor in the community. For example, APTDC falls within this category as it works closely with the Kenyan tourism stakeholders. It comes in during government planning of tourism activities where it brings together relevant public institutions, local communities, and private enterprises to discuss and share information on the best ways to carry out tourism operations to preserve the environment and benefit poor people within the community. APTDC also monitors effects of tourism on host communities and environment and then attempts to advise government, international agencies, and other major stakeholders to reevaluate their development activities and operations. Others play a facilitative role, offering ecotourism services to tourists and helping local communities to establish ecotourism investments. For instance, EcoVitality provides tou rists to developing countries in Africa with environment-friendly travel services. The NGO uses the earnings obtained from the services to finance conservation efforts in Namibia aimed at protecting lions in national parks. Another NGO, OCAA, provides non-profit tour services (travel and accommodation) aimed at reducing the effects of tourists on the environment and local communities and benefiting host communities in emerging and developing nations. International Agencies Various multinational organizations comprised of governments and tourism organizations from different countries influence growth of tourism industries in developing nations. Their major objective entails scrutinizing tourism developments in those nations to ensure that they conform to standards acceptable globally. According to Lubbe (2003), major global tourism agencies include World Trade Organization (WTO), International Air Transport Association (IATA), International Hotel Restaurant Association (IHRA), and World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). WTO represents the only international agency responsible for coordinating all facets of tourism development in the globe. It coordinates national and international stakeholders in planning, development, and implementation of tourism projects in almost every country across the globe. It also facilitates conferences among different local and global tourism agents to address and share information about the issues facing tourism and possible alternative approaches to address them. It plays an educative role of doing research on different problems facing developing nations and offering information to them on how to solve the issues. Other roles include educating and training future professionals as well as promoting ecotourism initiatives in both developed and developing countries (Huybers 2007). WTTC comprises of private enterprises from the various sectors of national tourism industry, including accommodation, catering, travel, transportation, and other tourism-related enterprises. Its major role entails promoting and campaigning for entrepreneurship in the international tourism sector. It promotes tourism development as a means to reduce unemployment levels in developing nations. It promotes for liberalization of world market in all sectors that influence or relate to tourism industry (Lubbe 2003). In addition, it negotiates with governments (on behalf of its members) to eliminate protectionist policies that would cause uneven competition among the different players in the industry. It encourages its members to embrace sustainable development and interact with local communities effectively to alleviate their standards of living. IHRA and IATA can be regarded as subsets of WTTC, with IHRA playing specialized roles in tourism and hospitality industry, and IATA playing simila r roles to those of WTTC in the air travel industry. To some extent, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations Environmental Agency (UNEP), World Health Organizations (WHO) also play significant role in tourism sectors of developing countries. For instance, IMF provides funds to governments for financing infrastructure, while WHO monitors and informs tourists and local communities about disease outbreaks in different regions of the globe. Public-Private Relationship The nature of tourism industry calls for a positive relationship between government institutions and non-governmental agents for sustained development. It requires substantial resources (capital, infrastructure, human resources, and others) and comprises many activities, making it impossible for either government or private enterprises to handle on its own. Thus, it becomes essential for the government to seek collaboration with other agents to foster tourism growth. Advantages One of the advantages presented by the partnership includes enhanced effectiveness of tourism policies in the country. Development of tourism policies (for example, economic, planning, or environmental management) involves a complex process that requires a comprehensive understanding of all factors surrounding issue under consideration (Huybers 2007). Although public policy-making in many developing nations remains the sole responsibility of government, participation by private entities is needed to make the policy more responsive to issue at hand. Private agents, particularly local communities and enterprises directly affected by the problem, stand in a better position to understand the issue effectively. Thus, government can invite them to discuss and exchange information about the problem and methods to solve it effectively. This minimizes resistance from the private agents that occurs when governments develop and implement tourism policies without consultation. The partnership mi nimizes financial burdens that the government or private agents would have shouldered if they implemented projects independently. It not only enables the partners to share expertise, information, financial resources, and others, but it also eliminates duplication of efforts. They meet frequently to discuss and agree on how to collaborate in form of resources to develop the various sectors of tourism industry. For instance, Lubee (2003) lauds the effective partnership between South African government and private enterprises for enhanced development in the nation’s tourism industry. The government works well with different private entities, including the Federated Hospitality Association of South Africa (FEDHASA), the Tourism Business Council of South Africa (TBCSA), and the Regional Tourism Organization of Southern Africa (RETOSA), among others. Each of these organizations represents specific private investors, implying that collaborative efforts consider contributions of from every market player. In effect, they are in a position to come up with tourism development policies that take into account the different interests of each group. Disadvantages Public-private partnership involves extensive consultation among agents from different regions and sectors of the tourism industry, which tends to slow down decision-making process. As Huybers (2007) argues, agents or representatives come with interests of their members, implying that they need to represent the issues for the other partners to discuss and express their opinions. In many instances, achieving consensus in such situations (even for smaller issues) becomes a challenge. In many developing nations, private organizations do not trust state institutions due to issues of misuse of power by public officers, corruption, and excessive bureaucracy. This mistrust may permeate into the partnership, implying that the private agents may not be willing to agree with the government on matters concerning tourism project funding. This greatly limits the ability of the partnership to make positive impacts in the tourism industry. For instance, Kenya does not have strong public-private par tnership due to mistrust between the two agents. The country ranks among the most corrupt nations in the world, making it hard for private institutions to trust the willingness and commitment to spend funds rightfully for the expected development activities. In some cases, some private enterprises have shied away from engaging in any form of partnership, fearing that corrupt government officials may affect public image of the businesses. One of the most effective ways for the Kenyan government to get out of this problem is to fight corruption at every level of the state tourism institutions to improve its image among the other stakeholders. It needs to develop and implement effective internal controls to enhance corporate governance structures in the sector. This may encourage private agents to begin trusting the government, which may see the country exploit sustainably its wide-ranging sites of tourist attractions. Conclusion In third world countries, the level of government influence depends on the perceived economic importance that tourism holds in the overall economy and the extent of the relationships between different government institutions as well as political, social, and cultural characteristics of the nations. Government plans for all major development activities and operations in the tourism industry. For example, Kenyan government released its tourism strategic plan for the period from 2008 to 2012, showing how the government expects to promote its tourist attractions, fund development of its tourism sector, and monitor tourist operations. Government also manages or coordinates different stakeholders involved in the industry to ensure smooth operations in the sector. It formulates various legislations to control tourism operations in an effort to promote development in the sector, type and nature of stakeholders to participate in the industry, to establish and conserve natural endowments perce ived as tourist attractions. Moreover, government invests heavily in tourism industry to complement investment efforts by the private individuals and organizations. Government role as a facilitator of tourism development ensures security and safety of tourists and tourism operators and their investments. Besides government, other parties in Third World countries play significant roles in tourism industry. Environmental conservation remains the major role of local societies, as they coexist with various tourist attractions available in their country. Local people may invest into the tourism industry as private investors or partner with government, NGOs, and international agencies to establish projects that foster tourism development. The major contributions of the private enterprises include investments in the travel and hotel and accommodation industries. Media’s role in the sector involves marketing and bringing awareness among all stakeholders about the tourism in emerging or Third World nations. NGOs play an essential complementary role of facilitating and advocating for sustainable and equitable tourism development. The major duty of global agencies entails scrutinizing tourism developments in those nations to ensure that they conform to standards acceptable globally. WTO represents the only international agency responsible for coordinating all facets of tourism development in the globe. The nature of tourism industry calls for a positive relationship between government institutions and non-governmental agents for sustained development. Private agents, particularly local communities and enterprises directly affected by the problem, stand in a better position to understand the issue effectively. However, it involves extensive consultation among agents from different regions and sectors of the tourism industry, which tends to slow down decision-making process. At AdvancedWriters.com writing company you can order your custom research papers on various topics you need. All you need is to place an order at our website!

A Message to Nursing College Application Essays

A Message to Nursing College Application EssaysNursing college application essays are designed to highlight the main points of the application. An essay is considered to be an academic interview with a short essay written by the applicant. Essays in essay forms are often more than a year ahead of any other application process.Nursing application essays are required to have a clear goal or scope of focus. The purpose of the essay should be clearly indicated by the applicant. In this way, all applicants will not have the same goals for the essay and hence, their essays will not be the same.The essay is known as a point essay. As such, it needs to be unique in every way and different from other applications. It is, therefore, essential that you select the right topic and tone of the essay. You can use nursing college application essay samples as your guidance in this regard.The essays of the point essay need to be short yet clear and concise. There should be an initial research done reg arding the application form of the nursing college. Once the process is complete, the applicant can begin writing about the past experiences that he has had with nursing. Even if you do not have any prior experience in the nursing field, the essay needs to give some information on the part that he played in that particular field.It must also highlight how he learned to handle the pressures that he faced as a patient in the hospital. He should note the professional skills that he acquired and what his responsibilities were. This allows the reader to have an idea of the applicant's previous achievements.The applicant should take note of what he gained by learning these things. He should also write about the relationships that he formed with his fellow nurses and the people who attended his bedside. He should explain how these relationships made him who he is today. He should also highlight what would have been the results if these people would have remained in the same positions.The a pplicant should outline the events which led to his change in career. He should also include some details about the path that he took and why he chose to be a nurse. These details will help the readers understand the applicant's story.Nursing application essays are very different from the other applications. The essay needs to be written in a language that has not been used by the applicant in the past. The use of such language is important and it should be authentic to the applicant. The applicant should be careful in choosing the writing style that he will use as this will determine whether he gets the letter of acceptance or rejection.

Early Intervention For Adolescent Substance Abuse

Summary Liddle, H. A., Rowe, C. L., Dakof, G. A., Ungaro, R. A., Henderson, C. E. (2004). Early intervention for adolescent substance abuse: Pretreatment to posttreatment outcomes of a randomized clinical trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and peer group treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 36(1). Abstract. The abstract discusses a randomized clinical trial that has been developed in order to evaluate a family-based therapy and a peer-group therapy used with urban, low-income, and ethnically diverse adolescents between the ages 11-15 that have been referred for behavioral problems and substance abuse. It briefly explains both treatments and how each was administered. The abstract also discusses that these adolescents and their parents were assessed at intake, then randomly assigned to either the family-based therapy or peer-group therapy treatment, and then reassessed six weeks after intake and again at discharge. Results are briefly discussed in terms of the effectiveness and purpose of the family-based treatment, which was used to reduce risk and promote protective processes in various domains, as well as reduce adolescent substance use. Introduction. Drug use in early adolescence can be a determinant for later drug abuse; however, clinicians are working on trying to stop drug use from progressing by intervening at the early stages of adolescent drug use. Researchers have identified various risk and protective factors involved with theShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse Prevention On Adolescents1451 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse Prevention in Adolescents Adolescence is the most common period of life in which both recreational and therapeutic drug use is introduced. Coincidentally, brain development and maturity is also at an all time high during this stage of life (2). When initiating the use of a therapeutic drug, the health care provider compares the risk to the benefit. 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Challenging Responsibilities HRM

Questions: Task 1: In order to be competitive organisations, such as Cadbury, need to embrace change. Critically discuss the impact of restructuring and redundancy on the situation of Cadbury and its impact on the employees? Task 2: Reflective report that identifies and evaluates Cadburys Factory at Bourneville focus on Corporate Social Responsibility? Answer: Task 1: In order to be competitive organisations, such as Cadbury, need to embrace change. Critically discuss the impact of restructuring and redundancy on the situation of Cadbury and its impact on the employees. Cadbury is the international company, whose headquarters are located in the UK (Ella 2009). The manufacturers as well as distributors of the company are spread over the world (Ella 2009). The company operates its business in different regions like Europe, North America, Africa, South America, Pacific, Asia, Ireland, as well as in Britain (Ella 2009). The products of the company are distributed in around 60 countries. Cadbury leads the global market by taking first position in the chocolate as well as confectionary business (Ella 2009). The share of Cadbury in the international market of confectionary is around 8% with the total revenue gain is around $141 billion (Ella 2009). The structure, size, markets as well as products of the company have actually proved its significance as the socially responsible company all over the world (Ella 2009). Cadbury has employed thousands of people as their stakeholders, and they have millions of customers. The commitment of the company is towards social responsibility that keeps the check on welfare of many families (Ella 2009). The report discuss about the case of Cadbury, in which around 200 workers have move away from the Cadbury Bourneville plant that had the payoff of around 100,000 (Griffin 2015). There were around 205 workers working in that plant, who took the voluntary redundancy that has left and has taken the salary of 4-6 weeks for each year for their service, which sends the average payouts in around 6 figures (Griffin 2015). The arrangement that view the manufacturing site base tries to cut through quarter is actually part of the deal, which has secured the plant at Bourneville for around 25 years (Griffin 2015). The case mentions that there would be around 75 million program related to the investment in the compulsory job loss and new production line (Griffin 2015). The aim of Cadbury is to work together through creating brands of people love. The aim of the company is also make such a company that could be judged among the world best business company that is admired, successful, as well as significant (Bowers 2009). Cadbury undertakes corporate social responsibility as the main agenda of its company (Bowers 2009). The organizational members such as global business leaders forum, community business, and business ethics institute. All these organizations try to enhance the effects of the company it has on the society (Bowers 2009). According to the case, employees were given the brief about the agreement that follows the long term conversation over the document of the American owners at Cadbury that is known as High performing Bourneville (Griffin 2015). This document has actually warned the employees to demonstrate the embrace towards the new practices of working over the risk that is seen through the job moved (Griffin 2015). This report will discuss about the impact of the redundancy and restructuring in Cadbury and its impact on the employees along with the reflection on Cadbury Bourneville corporate social responsibility. The case study related to the Cadbury is actually illustrated through the impact it has caused to the employees (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2005). The entire process includes about the company that is going through the transformative changes (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2005). This is so that the nature related to the changes is basic and large scale. Simultaneously, the impact is quite permanent and could be viewed for long period of time (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2005). This issues increase the question related to the uncertainty that brought the high level of anxiety (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2005). As per the Doina, Mirela and Constantin (2008) the three step model could be divided into two key forms such as learned and survival anxiety (Doina, Mirela and Constantin 2008). The survival anxiety tries to push the changes where else the learned anxiety tries to obstruct the changes. Cadbury holds the complex supply chain along with its indirect relations w ith around 4000 suppliers, this creates the challenge and it also ensures that the suppliers are of similar standards Barney and Hesterley 2008). Its quite important as the suppliers are the one that could affect both the environment and the society in bad terms, and this could impact the reputation of the company (Barney and Hesterley 2008). Along with this, sustainable sourcing also tries pertaining the employment as well as recruitment in the company. Actual Cadbury company is influenced through the values of Quaker on the family of Cadbury, who has started the company before 150 years, and its values relates with social reform, justice, as well as equality (Bass 1990). Therefore, from the outset, the company treats its employees with both care and respect to undertake the welfare activities (Goldstein and Ford 2002). The company has sited near the Birmingham that is more than the factory and it even has various amenities like sports and housing facilities, parks that are all located at the actual complex (Goldstein and Ford 2002). For the purpose of integrating the changes, the Scheins theories has suggested about the inclination towards the reduction of learned anxiety (Carnall 2007). Basically, there are around three main ways that could be invested as per the case and the same has created impact on the employees working in Cadbury (Goffee and Jones 1998). Firstly, the parochial self interest consideration will require looking towards how the different groups of companies will actually react over the immediate interest within the organization (Goffee and Jones 1998). Through the changes occurring in the management, the staff working at Cadbury will be reassigned towards the new job as well as positions. This might impact the people and mainly the management (Goffee and Jones 1998). The expected reshuffling of the employees through the HR will view the staff of Cadbury undergo through the series of test of reemployment for allocating the appropriate task (Goffee and Jones 1998). This implies the potential loss of the authority and power mainly for the leaders in Cadbury that are relevant at their position that results into the increase in conflicts among the organizational interest as well as self interest (Reuters 2009). Therefore, the move towards quitting by the employees might be explained through the clash in the interest of the management and the employees (Reuters 2009). Next relates with the misunderstanding that might be referred since the top management of the company could be referred as inconsistent in passing the messages where else the middle level mangers could be failed to interact in proper way on regular basis with the employees (Reuters 2009). They will actually put off the delivery that is deemed as the negative perspective (Griffin 2015). Along with it, Cadbury faced the challenges of increasing sales with the main consideration over the society health issues. Increasing sales is important for the normative stakeholders as they address t he health issues, this was told to me by one of the stakeholders of the company (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). Simultaneously, staff is actually interpreted to be denial and tries to avoid the truth (Griffin 2015). They are also skeptical of the success and are not interested to move out of their comfort zone for embracing the changes (Griffin 2015). Lastly, the change of tolerance is quite low, because the previous staff of Cadbury might take it pride in how they actually do their work (Griffin 2015). The management thinks in other way and they thought it as desirable for the company and might get contradicted with the new staff (Rodriques 2000). The previous staff of Cadbury might reject towards the changes, while the takeover company might get abide with carrying out the tasks (Rodriques 2000). The model of Psychological stages reaction through Cameron and Green (2009) is adapted by Moeller (2009) has actually viewed the impact of the individual changes occurring with the workers at Cadbury. The company is focused towards bringing improvements in the working as well as social conditions of both the community and the employees (Barney and Hesterley 2008). Due to the international organizations operating in the developing countries has to face the problem of low wages, and for that they are blamed over taking the innocence of the workers through low wages (Anand and Nicholson 2004). Through this, partners of Cadbury try to advocate over the human rights in various Nations. Model stages related to the Psychological reaction (Moeller 2009). When the company based in America announced about its acquisition of Cadbury in the year 2010, they were actually become shock between the stakeholders and the employees of both the organizations, as the speculation increases (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2009). At the time of acquisition of the Cadbury, subsequently the acquisition increase their plans for smoothing the entire process of integration with the competitors based in the UK to move in confectionary business (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2009). However, at this particular stage the basic sentiments between the people are denial. The staff even explored it challenging to move at any certain stage (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2009). Change implementation at the various organizational levels in acquired company starts to incorporate and might explore for the new managers, employees, as well as teams (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2009). At this particular stage, employees might experience about the depression and tried to let out the key idea that most of the personnel might not come from the last stage, and they will also stay out with the previous phase; therefore, it wouldnt complete with this cycle (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2009). For the perspective of business, around 75 million investment has taken place for enhancing the productivity and minimizing the cost for considering over the whole as the small cost to pay for attaining the leverage of profit margin of popular chocolate brands (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2009). The 75 million will appear at certain point, or either the relocation strategy of the Bourneville workforce suspect about it (Torrington, Hall and Taylor 2009). Cameron and Green (2009) have undertaken the confrontational approach at the side of staff and this briefing of the team is viewed as in concise and is far from the transparency (Cameron and Green 2009). The current redundancies are impacted the community of Bourneville as well as business that depend on the trade through the reducing workforce (Cameron and Green 2009). The people and workforce of the Bourneville needs the successful Cadbury and are ready to work for it. It is rightly said that it is actually true that many changes are happening that has impacted on the life of the people and sometimes they also get upset with the changes (Cameron and Green 2009). Its noted that constant negotiation has happened with the union for around 12 months, and after that new line started and will are running (Schein 2009). Cadbury has mentioned that they are running to keep up with their site open as well as union could worked hard for reducing the effects of changes, but at the same time one needs to be competitive against the various other factories (Schein 2009). There are many people, who are not interested to work at Cadbury (Leopold, Harris and Watson 2004). Various workforce sections of particular age feel that they are at the vulnerable position in the company (Leopold, Harris and Watson 2004). It is evident that changes could be unsettling for any person and one should understand about rolling out the 75 million investment done in Bourneville; therefore, the responsible company will offer the complete support for everyone impacted (Leopold, Harris and Watson 2004). For embracing the changes in the company, its important to understand the stakeholders of the company, who play significant role in bringing changes; therefore, first was the consumers that are normative stakeholders of the company, as they are the one that trust the company while delivering the quality items. Cadbury also tries to create direct impact over consumers life (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). Along with this, company holds the responsibility to ensure that the items could fulfil the demands of the consumers of quality. Moreover, the company is also depending over the consumers and target the audiences for the quality items as well as innovation (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). In other context, Cadbury leaves the direct impact over the consumers. Next are the retail customers of the company (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). Retail customers deliver the items of Cadbury in the marketplace. They are stakeholders as they have invested for delivering the products (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). They even hold trust on the ability of the company to fulfil the demands of products. Suppliers are other stakeholders of Cadbury, who are the derivative stakeholders of the company, as they hold the stake in the company in their offset business, and they are the one that deliver the raw material to the company (Goldstein and Ford 2002). Along with this, the stake within the company is their customers (Goldstein and Ford 2002). If the Cadbury has good business, and if something went wrong it leads in the reduction of sales, and suppliers are the one that gets impacted (Goldstein and Ford 2002). Its also true that success of the company also depends on the suppliers (Goldstein and Ford 2002). Next are the charities and NGOs that directly influence the company (Goldstein and Ford 2002). The impact of the company is same of their impact on the company as it is relied over the necessity. In Cadbury NGOs are the stakeholders as they get benefit through the policies of the company (Goldstein and Ford 2002). Next is community and government, and they attain benefit from the company and simultaneously create influence on the company in significant way (Cameron and Green 2009). Government also get benefit from the company in the form of taxes and social initiatives from communities (Cameron and Green 2009). Its noted that transformational changes happening in the company, employees were severely impacted, as they have to leave the company and had to adjust with the new tasks and new environment. The report mention about how the company and the employees embrace with the changes happening through restructuring as well as redundancy in the organization. Task 2: Reflective report that identifies and evaluates Cadburys Factory at Bourneville focus on Corporate Social Responsibility Cadbury is the renowned name in the chocolate world, but the legacy of the company is just more than the chocolate factory (Maginn 2007). During my visit at the Cadbury factory, I got the opportunity to learn about the corporate social responsibility practice by the company (Maginn 2007). The company believes that every human being needs to be equally treated and they should live in peace and that too under the social reforms and social responsibility (Barney and Hesterley 2008). Being a part of the society, Cadbury follows the approach of the business that lies towards the ethical behavior and select the relationship with the group of stakeholders. I have noted that company believes is respecting the rights of people and ethical trading practices as their basic way of working (Bowers 2009). The Cadbury also tries to look around for sustainable sourcing as well as health issues (Anand and Nicholson 2004). The main issue that highlights is related with the change in climate, humanitarian issues, health issues as well as sustainable sourcing (Anand and Nicholson 2004). The issues related to humanitarian are mainly concern with the speculations over the role of international companies to work as the violators of human rights (Anand and Nicholson 2004). During my visit at the Cadbury located at Bourneville, they came to learn about the climate change issues, and I also noted that the company quickly addresses the requirement of having the waste management (Barney and Hesterley 2008). Next I found about the sustainable souring that concern about the issues related with the suppliers that could be business to business kind of issues (Barney and Hesterley 2008). As the international manufacturer, Cadbury holds the high demand over the suppliers such as Cocoa producers, and therefore, it is important to get involved with the raw material sustainability (Barney and Hesterley 2008). I learned that sustainability is the key for attaining the sustainable development of Cadbury, as when the resources get scare they will be failed in fulfilling the market demands (Barney and Hesterley 2008). As per the Corporate Social Responsibility Report I read it mentions the Cadbury has adopted the sustainable sourcing (Barney and Hesterley 2008). Next I explored about the social responsibility of Cadbury that was focused towards health issues and its resolution (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). As Cadbury is the manufacturer of confectionary items, health issues might occur for the company (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). The increasing popularity related to the health issues like diabetes and obesity might generate the negative effects over the confectionary consumption (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). Stakeholders informed that the increasing concern over the health that is drive through the media over the healthy lifestyle as well as importance of fitness (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). This also impacts the demands of the consumers over the confectionary due to the consumption of the sugar that results into the health diseases. Therefore, I analyzed that health issues in the confectionary market often accrete influence over the Cadbury (Adolph, Pettit and Sisk 2009). 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